고대어 사전 / ALGOSPOT

문제링크 : https://algospot.com/judge/problem/read/DICTIONARY
제출링크 : https://algospot.com/judge/submission/detail/664699
자바코드 : https://github.com/skysign/WSAPT/blob/master/ALGOSPOT/DICTIONARY/src/Main.java

Topological sort를 사용해서 문제를 풀 수 있습니다. 우선 Topological sort 공부하실 분들은 여기를 참고하세요. 제가 검색해서 찾은 한글 자료중에는 가장 잘 설명되어 있는 블로그 입니다.

문제를 푸는 과정은 크게 3단계 입니다.

첫번째 단계가, 알파벳 2자의 우선순위를 vertex와 directed edge로 나타 내는 것입니다. 문제의 첫번째 예제입력은 아래와 같습니다.

1
3
ba
aa
ab

이 예제입력은 a, b 2개의 알파벳만 있으므로, 2개의 vertex a, b 가 존재하고, edge 는 3개가 존재합니다.

• b → a
• a → a
• a → b

위의 vertex와 graph를 2차원 배열로 풀어 보면, 아래와 같습니다.
a 가 0, b 를 1로 코딩합니다. map[i][j]는 i 에서 출발해서, j 로 도착하는 edge가 있을 때, 1로 표기합니다.

  0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

위와 같이 그래프를 2차원 배열로 코딩해서, dfs()를 코딩하고, 문제를 풀어 보면 코드는 아래와 같습니다.
다면, topologicalSort() 메서드에 이중루프를 돌기 때문에, O(N^2)으로 시간 복잡도가 느린 편입니다.
(* dfs() 메서는, 각 vertex마다 1번씩만 방문하기 때문에, O(N)이지만, 더 높은 차수가 있으므로 생략 됩니다.)

이 부분은 다음 글에서, 좀 개선해 보도록 하겠습니다.

import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * 고대어 사전 / ALGOSPOT
 * 문제링크 : https://algospot.com/judge/problem/read/DICTIONARY
 * 제출링크 : https://algospot.com/judge/submission/detail/664699
 * 문제해설 : https://skysign.tistory.com/195
 */
public class Main {
    int N;
    int[][] map;
    final int ALPHABET_LENGTH = 26;

    public void solve() throws IOException {
        int T = sc.nextInt();

        for(int t=0; t<T; ++t) {
            N = sc.nextInt();
            ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
            for(int i=0; i<N; ++i) {
                al.add(sc.nextLine());
            }
            int idx = al.get(0).charAt(0)-'a';
            makeGraph(al);
            ArrayList<Integer> rAl = topologicalSort();
            String r = buildAnswer(rAl);
            println(r);
            al.clear();
        }
    }

    boolean[] mbVisited;
    boolean[] mbFinished;

    public void makeGraph(ArrayList<String> al) throws IOException {
        map = new int[ALPHABET_LENGTH][ALPHABET_LENGTH];
        // map[i][j] index i 에서 출발해서, index j로 도착하는 edge가 있으면, 1, 없으면 0

        for(int i=0; i<al.size()-1; ++i) {
            String strFirst = al.get(i);
            String strSecond = al.get(i+1);
            int len = Math.min(strFirst.length(), strSecond.length());

            for(int l=0; l<len; ++l) {
                int iFm = (int)(strFirst.charAt(l) - 'a');
                int iTo = (int)(strSecond.charAt(l) - 'a');

                if(iFm != iTo) {
                    map[iFm][iTo] = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public ArrayList<Integer> topologicalSort() {
        ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<>();
        mbVisited = new boolean[ALPHABET_LENGTH];
        mbFinished = new boolean[ALPHABET_LENGTH];

        for(int idxFm=0; idxFm<ALPHABET_LENGTH; ++idxFm) {
            for(int idxTo=0; idxTo<ALPHABET_LENGTH; ++idxTo) {
                if((1 == map[idxFm][idxTo]) && (!mbVisited[idxFm])) {
                    if(DFS(map, idxFm, al) < 0) {
                        return null;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return al;
    }

    public int DFS(int[][] map, int idxFm, ArrayList<Integer> al) {
        mbVisited[idxFm] = true;

        for(int idxTo=0; idxTo<ALPHABET_LENGTH; idxTo++) {
            if(map[idxFm][idxTo] > 0) {
                if(!mbVisited[idxTo]) {
                    if(DFS(map, idxTo, al) < 0){
                        return -1;
                    }
                }
                else if(!mbFinished[idxTo])
                    return -1;
            }
        }

        mbFinished[idxFm] = true;
        al.add(idxFm);

        return 0;
    }

    public String buildAnswer(ArrayList<Integer> al) {
        if(null == al) {
            return "INVALID HYPOTHESIS";
        }

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for(int i=0; i<ALPHABET_LENGTH; ++i) {
            char ch = Idx2Char(i);
            sb.append(ch);
        }

        for(int idx: al) {
            char ch = Idx2Char(idx);
            int idxRemove = sb.indexOf(new StringBuilder().append(ch).toString());
            sb.deleteCharAt(idxRemove);
            sb.insert(0, ch);
        }

        return sb.toString();
    }

    public char Idx2Char(int idx) {
        return (char)(idx + 'a');
    }

//        int n = ;
//        for(int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
//
//        }

//        int n = ;
//        for(int j=0; j<n; ++j) {
//
//        }

//        int n = ;
//        for(int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
//            for(int j=0; j<n; ++j) {
//
//            }
//        }

//        int N = ;
//        for(int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
//            for(int j=0; j<n; ++j) {
//                for(int k=0; k<n; ++k) {
//
//                }
//            }
//        }

    public void _solve() throws IOException {
        solve();
        bw.flush();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Main main = new Main();
        main._solve();
    }

    public class MNode<TV> extends Node {
        ArrayList<MNode<TV>> mChidren ;

        MNode(TV v) {
            super(v);
            mChidren = new ArrayList<>();
        }
    }

    public class BNode<TV> extends Node {
        BNode<TV> mL;
        BNode<TV> mR;

        BNode(TV v) {
            super(v);
        }
    }

    public class Node<TV> {
        public TV mV;

        Node(TV v) {
            set(v);
        }

        public void set(TV v) {
            mV = v;
        }
    }

    public int[][] pSum2D(int[][] dt) {
        int[][] pSum2D = new int[dt.length][dt[0].length];
        return _prefixSum2D(dt, pSum2D, dt.length, dt[0].length);
    }

    public int[][] pSum2D(int[][] dt, int[][] pSum2D) {
        return _prefixSum2D(dt, pSum2D, dt.length, dt[0].length);
    }

    public int[][] _prefixSum2D(int[][] dt, int[][] pSum2D, int I, int J) {
        pSum2D[0][0] = dt[0][0];
        for(int j=1; j<J; ++j) {
            pSum2D[0][j] = dt[0][j] + pSum2D[0][j-1];
        }

        for(int i=1; i<I; ++i) {
            pSum2D[i][0] = dt[i][0] + pSum2D[i-1][0];
        }

        for(int i=1; i<I; ++i) {
            for(int j=1; j<J; ++j) {
                pSum2D[i][j] = dt[i][j] + pSum2D[i-1][j] + pSum2D[i][j-1] - pSum2D[i-1][j-1];
            }
        }

        return pSum2D;
    }

    public int area2DbyCnt(int[][] pSum2D, int i1, int j1, int i2, int j2) {
        return area2DbyIdx(pSum2D, i1-1, j1-1, i2-1, j2-1);
    }

    public int area2DbyIdx(int[][] pSum2D, int i1, int j1, int i2, int j2) {
        int r = pSum2D[i2][j2];

        if(i1>0)
            r -= pSum2D[i1-1][j2];
        if(j1>0)
            r -= pSum2D[i2][j1-1];

        if((i1>0) && (j1>0))
            r += pSum2D[i1-1][j1-1];

        return r;
    }

    public int[][] rotate90(int[][] a, int N) {
        int[][] tp = new int[N][N];

        for(int i=0; i<N; ++i) {
            for(int j=0; j<N; ++j) {
                tp[i][j] = a[N-1-j][i];
            }
        }

        return tp;
    }

    public int[][] rotate180(int[][] a, int N) {
        int[][] tp = new int[N][N];

        for(int i=0; i<N; ++i) {
            for(int j=0; j<N; ++j) {
                tp[N-i-1][N-j-1] = a[i][j];
            }
        }

        return tp;
    }

    public int[][] rotate270(int[][] a, int N) {
        int[][] tp = new int[N][N];

        for(int i=0; i<N; ++i) {
            for(int j=0; j<N; ++j) {
                tp[N-1-j][i] = a[i][j];
            }
        }

        return tp;
    }

    public void flip_h(int[][] a, int N) {
        for(int i=0; i<N; ++i) {
            for(int j=0; j<N/2; ++j) {
                int tp = a[i][N-j-1];
                a[i][N-j-1] = a[i][j];
                a[i][j] = tp;
            }
        }
    }

    public void flip_v(int[][] a, int N) {
        for(int i=0; i<N/2; ++i) {
            for(int j=0; j<N; ++j) {
                int tp = a[N-i-1][j];
                a[N-i-1][j] = a[i][j];
                a[i][j] = tp;
            }
        }
    }

    public int[][] clone2D(int[][] src) {
        int N = src.length;
        int[][] dst = new int[N][N];

        for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
            System.arraycopy(src[i],0, dst[i],0, N);
        }

        return dst;
    }

    public class Pair<K, V> extends _Pair implements Comparable {
        public Pair(K key, V value) {
            super(key, value);
        }

        @Override
        public int compareTo(Object o) {
            Pair other = (Pair)o;
            int k1 = Integer.parseInt(this.getKey().toString());
            int k2 = Integer.parseInt(other.getKey().toString());

            if((k1 - k2) == 0) {
                int v1 = Integer.parseInt(this.getValue().toString());
                int v2 = Integer.parseInt(other.getValue().toString());
                return v1 - v2;
            }

            return k1 - k2;
        }
    }

    // http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~vadim/8140503/webrev.01/modules/base/src/main/java/javafx/util/Pair.java.html
    public class _Pair<K,V> {
        private K key;
        public K getKey() { return key; }
        private V value;
        public V getValue() { return value; }
        public _Pair(K key, V value) {
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o) return true;
            if (o instanceof _Pair) {
                _Pair pair = (_Pair) o;
                if (key != null ? !key.equals(pair.key) : pair.key != null) return false;
                if (value != null ? !value.equals(pair.value) : pair.value != null) return false;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Normally used MIN/MAX number
    public final int _1087654321 = 1087654321;
    public final int __1087654321 = -1087654321;
    public final int _987654321 = 987654321;
    public final int __987654321 = -987654321;

    // Commonly used numbers as a divider of mod operation to prevent overflow
    public final int _10_007 = 10007;
    public final int _1_000_000_007 = 1000000007;
    final int MOD = _1_000_000_007;

    public void print(int v) throws IOException {
        print(v+"");
    }

    public void print(String s) throws IOException {
        bw.write(s);
    }

    public void println() throws IOException {
        print("\n");
    }

    public void println(int a) throws IOException {
        print(a+"\n");
    }

    public void println(long a) throws IOException {
        print(a+"\n");
    }

    public void println(double a) throws IOException {
        print(a+"\n");
    }

    public void println(String s) throws IOException {
        bw.write(s+"\n");
    }

    // -1
    public final int MINUS_1 = -1;

    // 4 ways
    public int[] d4i = new int[]{-1, 1, 0, 0};
    public int[] d4j = new int[]{0, 0, -1, 1};

    // 8 ways
    public int[] d8i = new int[]{-1, 1, 0, 0,  -1, -1, 1, 1};
    public int[] d8j = new int[]{0, 0, -1, 1,  -1, 1, 1, -1};

    // Initialize 2D arrays with value v
    public void fill2D(int[][] _2D, int v) {
        for(int[] _1D: _2D) {
            Arrays.fill(_1D, v);
        }
    }

    public void fill2D(long[][] _2D, long v) {
        for(long[] _1D: _2D) {
            Arrays.fill(_1D, v);
        }
    }

    public void fill2D(double[][] _2D, double v) {
        for(double[] _1D: _2D) {
            Arrays.fill(_1D, v);
        }
    }

    public void print2D(int[][] dp) throws IOException {
        print("    ");

        for(int j=0; j<dp[0].length; ++j){
            print(SS(j)+j + " ");
        }
        println();

        for(int i=0; i<dp.length; ++i){
            print(SS(i)+i+"|");
            for(int j=0; j<dp[0].length; ++j){
                print(SS(dp[i][j])+dp[i][j] + " ");
            }
            println();
        }
    }

    public void print2D(long[][] dp) throws IOException {
        print("    ");

        for(int j=0; j<dp[0].length; ++j){
            print(SS(j)+j + " ");
        }
        println();

        for(int i=0; i<dp.length; ++i){
            print(SS(i)+i+"|");
            for(int j=0; j<dp[0].length; ++j){
                print(SS(dp[i][j])+dp[i][j] + " ");
            }
            println();
        }
    }

    public final int LENGHT_OF_NUMBER = 3;
    /**
     * Generate space string for alignment when we print 2D arrays.
     * its length is LENGHT_OF_NUMBER - the length of number
     * Basically, we assume that number a is less than 1000.
     * So, LENGHT_OF_NUMBER is 3 by default.
     * @param a
     * @return
     */
    public String SS(int a) {
        String s = a+"";
        int l = LENGHT_OF_NUMBER - s.length();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for(int i=0; i<l; ++i) {
            sb.append(" ");
        }

        return sb.toString();
    }

    public String SS(long a) {
        String s = a+"";
        int l = LENGHT_OF_NUMBER - s.length();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for(int i=0; i<l; ++i) {
            sb.append(" ");
        }

        return sb.toString();
    }

    // Initialize 3D arrays with value v
    public void fill3D(int[][][] _3D, int v) {
        for(int[][] _2D: _3D) {
            for(int[] _1D: _2D) {
                Arrays.fill(_1D, v);
            }
        }
    }

    // GCD
    int GCD(int a, int b) {
        if(0 == b) {
            return a;
        }

        return GCD(b, a%b);
    }

    long GCD(long a, long b) {
        if(0 == b) {
            return a;
        }

        return GCD(b, a%b);
    }

    boolean IsEven(int a) {
        return (a>>1) == ((a>>1)<<1);
    }

    boolean IsOdd(int a) {
        return (a>>1) != ((a>>1)<<1);
    }

    boolean IsEven(long a) {
        return (a>>1) == ((a>>1)<<1);
    }

    boolean IsOdd(long a) {
        return (a>>1) != ((a>>1)<<1);
    }

    public Reader sc = new Reader();
//    Sometimes, Reader class cause unknown problem, when I submit my java code to judge server.
//    For more detail, please see https://algospot.com/forum/read/4731/
//    public Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

    public BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));

    // https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/fast-io-in-java-in-competitive-programming/
    public class Reader
    {
        final private int BUFFER_SIZE = 1 << 16;
        private DataInputStream din;
        private byte[] buffer;
        private int bufferPointer, bytesRead;

        public Reader()
        {
            din = new DataInputStream(System.in);
            buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
            bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
        }

        public Reader(String file_name) throws IOException
        {
            din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file_name));
            buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
            bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
        }

        public String nextLine() throws IOException
        {
            byte[] buf = new byte[64]; // line length
            int cnt = 0, c;
            while ((c = read()) != -1)
            {
                if (c == '\n')
                    break;
                buf[cnt++] = (byte) c;
            }
            return new String(buf, 0, cnt);
        }

        public int nextInt() throws IOException
        {
            int ret = 0;
            byte c = read();
            while (c <= ' ')
                c = read();
            boolean neg = (c == '-');
            if (neg)
                c = read();
            do
            {
                ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
            }  while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

            if (neg)
                return -ret;
            return ret;
        }

        public long nextLong() throws IOException
        {
            long ret = 0;
            byte c = read();
            while (c <= ' ')
                c = read();
            boolean neg = (c == '-');
            if (neg)
                c = read();
            do {
                ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
            }
            while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
            if (neg)
                return -ret;
            return ret;
        }

        public double nextDouble() throws IOException
        {
            double ret = 0, div = 1;
            byte c = read();
            while (c <= ' ')
                c = read();
            boolean neg = (c == '-');
            if (neg)
                c = read();

            do {
                ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
            }
            while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

            if (c == '.')
            {
                while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9')
                {
                    ret += (c - '0') / (div *= 10);
                }
            }

            if (neg)
                return -ret;
            return ret;
        }

        private void fillBuffer() throws IOException
        {
            bytesRead = din.read(buffer, bufferPointer = 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
            if (bytesRead == -1)
                buffer[0] = -1;
        }

        private byte read() throws IOException
        {
            if (bufferPointer == bytesRead)
                fillBuffer();
            return buffer[bufferPointer++];
        }

        public void close() throws IOException
        {
            if (din == null)
                return;
            din.close();
        }
    }

//    public void test_matrix_methods() throws IOException {
//        // Test Case 1
//        int m1[][] = { {1, 2, 3, 4},
//                {5, 6, 7, 8},
//                {9, 10, 11, 12},
//                {13, 14, 15, 16} };
//
//        // Tese Case 2
//        int m2[][] = { {1, 2, 3},
//                {4, 5, 6},
//                {7, 8, 9} };
//
//        println("Matrix Original");
//        print2D(m1);
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 90");
//        print2D(rotate90(m1, m1.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 180");
//        print2D(rotate180(m1, m1.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 270");
//        print2D(rotate270(m1, m1.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Flip Horizontal");
//        int[][] m1h = clone2D(m1);
//        flip_h(m1h, m1h.length);
//        print2D(m1h);
//
//        println("Matrix Flip Vertical");
//        int[][] m1v = clone2D(m1);
//        flip_v(m1v, m1v.length);
//        print2D(m1v);
//
//        println();
//
//        println("Matrix Original");
//        print2D(m2);
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 90");
//        print2D(rotate90(m2, m2.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 180");
//        print2D(rotate180(m2, m2.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Rotate 270");
//        print2D(rotate270(m2, m2.length));
//
//        println("Matrix Flip Horizontal");
//        int[][] m2h = clone2D(m2);
//        flip_h(m2h, m2h.length);
//        print2D(m2h);
//
//        println("Matrix Flip Vertical");
//        int[][] m2v = clone2D(m2);
//        flip_v(m2v, m2v.length);
//        print2D(m2v);
//    }
//
//    public void test_pSum2D_methods() throws IOException {
//        // Test Case 1
//        int m1[][] = { {1, 1, 1, 1},
//                {1, 1, 1, 1},
//                {1, 1, 1, 1},
//                {1, 1, 1, 1} };
//
//        println("Matrix Original");
//        print2D(m1);
//
//        int[][] m1pSum2D = new int[m1.length][m1[0].length];
//        println("pSum2D");
//        pSum2D(m1, m1pSum2D);
//        print2D(m1pSum2D);
//
//        println(area2DbyIdx(m1pSum2D, 1, 1, 3, 3));
//        println(area2DbyIdx(m1pSum2D, 0, 0, 3, 3));
//        println(area2DbyIdx(m1pSum2D, 0, 1, 3, 3));
//        println(area2DbyIdx(m1pSum2D, 1, 0, 3, 3));
//    }
}